Real-Time Analysis of Antiproliferative Effects of Mouthwashes Containing Alcohol, Sodium Fluoride, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, and Chlorhexidine In Vitro.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, the cytotoxic responses of six different over-the-counter mouthwashes on L929 cells were analyzed by two different techniques: the traditional colorimetric tetrazolium-based reduction assay (MTT) and the modern impedance-based real-time cell analysis (RTCA) system to investigate their biocompatibility in vitro. Thus, the investigation of the antiproliferative effects of the specified materials via different techniques is vital to reach this goal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, L929 mouse fibroblasts were exposed to the dilutions of mouthwashes for 2 minutes. After incubation, the tetrazolium reduction method was used to assess the metabolic viability of cells measured by colorimetric MTT assay and morphological inspection of cells was performed via phase-contrast microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of each mouthwash on the proliferation, morphology, and adhesion of L929 cells was monitored continuously by a noninvasive and label-free RTCA system for 140 h. RESULTS: Our data showed that all of the mouthwashes had varying cytotoxic effects on fibroblasts compared to the control group in MTT assay. In addition to that, RTCA technology has provided the growth kinetic profiles that can be used to analyze if the treatment is causing antimitotic or DNA-damaging effect on cells. Thus, analysis via this system can tell us the mechanism of toxicity behind the cell growth inhibition in vitro. Here, we found that only mouthwash 1 moderately maintained the viability of the L929 cells, yet displaying antimitotic effects and the other mouthwashes (mouthwash 2-mouthwash 6) showed toxicity via DNA-damaging effects. CONCLUSIONS: Of the six types of mouthwash tested, the most biocompatible result was obtained from a mouthwash containing alcohol (i.e., mouthwash 1). On the other hand, sodium fluoride- (NaF-) and cetylpyridinium chloride- (CPC-) containing mouthwash (i.e., mouthwash 2) showed the most cytotoxic effect.

The Relation of Circulating Levels of Leptin with Cognition in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the relation of circulating levels of leptin with cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS: Thirty patients meeting the clinical diagnostic criteria for AD, and twenty-five healthy controls were enrolled into the study. At baseline, all patients underwent standing height, weight measurements, and waist circumference (in centimeters) using a standard scale. Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated as weight (in kilograms). A single 5-ml fasting blood sample was obtained from each patient. All subjects were evaluated by Turkish version of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS). RESULTS: The mean age of patients and controls were 72.33±10.11 and 67.20±8.95, respectively. There was not any significant difference between age of the patients and the controls (p=0.054). Both patient and control groups consisted of mostly women (60% and 56% respectively). The mean waist circumferences (WC) of patients and controls were 95.46±10.87 and 97.76±10.07, respectively and was not statistically different (p=0.424). The mean serum leptin levels in patients and controls were 5.49±4.06 ng/dL 5.71±4.45 ng/dL, respectively. Leptin levels were not statistically different between patients and controls (p=0.84). The mean MMSE scores of AD patients and controls were 17±6.54 and 27.32±2.15 respectively, and AD patients had significantly lower MMSE scores than the controls (p=0.000). The mean BMI of patients and controls were 25.72±3.98 and 27.92±3.08 respectively. The BMI of controls were higher than patients and there was statistically significant difference between two groups (p=0.029). In the patient group, there were no correlations between leptin levels and age (p=0.067), BMI (p=0.098), WC (p=0.113), MMSE (p=0.203), CDR (p=0.519) and GDS (p=0.587). Similarly in control group leptin levels were not correlated with BMI (p=0.718), WC (p=0.755) and MMSE (p=0.859). CONCLUSION: In the present study, we could not find any relation between blood leptin levels and cognition in AD patients.

Effects of different cusp coverage restorations on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary premolars.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Cusp coverage restorations for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth represent a conservative approach in terms of function and esthetics. However, limited scientific data are available regarding the optimum reduction design and thicknesses. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the fracture resistance and fracture patterns of cusp coverage restorations with different cusp reduction designs and reduction thicknesses on endodontically treated maxillary premolars (ETMPs) with mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred sixty-five extracted intact human maxillary premolars were divided into 11 groups: G1-10 (test groups) and G11 (intact group). In the test groups, all of the teeth were restored with composite resin after canal treatments with MOD cavities. However, the cusps of the G1-9 teeth were reduced with combinations of different thicknesses (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 mm) and designs (beveled, horizontal, and anatomic). The specimens were subjected to 10(5) cycles of 50 N mechanical loading. Next, the specimens were subjected to a compressive load at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture. The fractured specimens were analyzed to determine the fracture pattern. Two-way ANOVA followed by the Fisher least significant difference (LSD) test was used to analyze the interaction between groups. RESULTS: The fracture resistance values increased with increases in the cusp reductions. The fracture resistance values of the G6 (2.5 mm, anatomic) and G9 (3.5 mm, anatomic) groups were significantly greater than that of the MOD group. However, the G6, G8 (3.5 mm, horizontal), and G9 groups were comparable with G11. The highest restorable fracture rates were observed in G6 and G9. CONCLUSIONS: Cusp reduction design and thickness influenced the fracture resistance and fracture patterns of cusp coverage restorations of ETMPs with MOD cavities. The teeth restored with anatomic cusp reduction designs with reduction thicknesses of at least 2.5 mm exhibited greater fracture resistance and more frequent restorable fractures.

Neurosyphilis: a case report.

Syphilis is a multisystem chronic infection caused by treponema pallidum. It can cause psychiatric disorders including depression, mania, psychosis, personality changes, delirium and dementia. With the introduction of penicillin into practice, the number of cases with syphilis decreased and its incidence increased with AIDS and HIV seropositivity. In this article, we present a case of neurosyphilis that manifested itself with neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Residual HEMA and TEGDMA release and cytotoxicity evaluation of resin-modified glass ionomer cement and compomers cured with different light sources.

The purpose of this study was first to evaluate the elution of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers from resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and compomers cured with halogen and light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing units (LCUs). The effect of cured materials on the viability of L929 fibroblast cells was also evaluated. One RMGIC (Ketac N100) and two compomers (Dyract Extra and Twinkystar) were tested. Materials were prepared in teflon disks and light-cured with LED or halogen LCUs. The residual monomers of resin materials in solution were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The fibroblast cells' viability was analyzed using MTT assay. The type of LCU did not have a significant effect on the elution of HEMA and TEGDMA. A greater amount of HEMA than TEGMDA was eluted. The amount of TEGDMA eluted from Twinkystar was greater than Dyract Extra (P < 0.05) when cured with a halogen LCU. All material-LCU combinations decreased the fibroblast cells' viability more than the control group (P < 0.01), except for Dyract Extra cured with a halogen LCU (P > 0.05). Curing with the LED LCU decreased the cells' viability more than curing with the halogen LCU for compomers. For Ketac N100, the halogen LCU decreased the cells' viability more than the LED LCU.

Cytotoxicity testing of temporary luting cements with two- and three-dimensional cultures of bovine dental pulp-derived cells.

This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of eugenol-containing and eugenol-free temporary luting cements. For cytotoxicity testing, bovine pulp-derived cells transfected with Simian virus 40 Large T antigen were exposed to extracts of eugenol-containing (Rely X Temp E) and eugenol-free (Provicol, PreVISION CEM, and Rely X Temp NE) temporary luting cements for 24 h. The cytotoxicity of the same materials was also evaluated in a dentin barrier test device using three-dimensional cell cultures of bovine pulp-derived cells. The results of the cytotoxicity studies with two-dimensional cultures of bovine dental pulp-derived cells revealed that cell survival with the extracts of Rely X Temp E, Provicol, PreVISION CEM, and Rely X Temp NE was 89.1%, 84.9%, 92.3%, and 66.8%, respectively. Rely X Temp NE and Provicol showed cytotoxic effects on bovine dental pulp-derived cells (P < 0.05). The results of the dentin barrier test revealed that cell survival with the above-mentioned temporary cement was 101.5%, 91.9%, 93.5%, and 90.6%, respectively. None of the temporary luting cements significantly reduced cell survival compared with the negative control in the dentin barrier test (P > 0.05). Biologically active materials released from temporary luting cements may not influence the dentine-pulp complex if the residual dentine layer is at least 0.5 mm thick.

[Aphasia, prosopagnosia and mania: a case diagnosed with right temporal variant semantic dementia]. / Afazi, Prosopagnozi ve Mani: Semantik Demans Sag Temporal Varyant Tanili Bir Olgu.

Neurologic disorders can produce "secondary" mania, and clinicians must distinguish secondary mania from bipolar disorders (BD). Patients with new and late onset mania require an evaluation that includes a thorough history, a neurologic examination, neuroimaging, and other selected tests. Neurologic causes of mania include strokes in the right basotemporal or inferofrontal region, strokes or tumors in the perihypothalamic region, Huntington's disease and other movement disorders, multiple sclerosis and other white matter diseases, head trauma, infections such as neurosyphilis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The term Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) is suggested for neurodegenerative diseases characterized by focal degeneration such as Primer Progressive Aphasia (PPA), Frontal Lobe Dementia, PPA- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Corticobasal Degeneration. In this article, we report a frontotemporal dementia (FTD) case that referred with manic symptoms. The female patient was 46 years old, married, graduated from primary school, and had been admitted with complaints of hyperactivity, excessive talking, and decreased sleep for one week. She presented first with complaints that began three years ago that included the inability to remember names, recognize faces, use household appliances, and follow rules. She had also been repeating the same words and behaviors. Prosopagnosia, aphasia, and a positive family history of ALS were discussed with related index in our case.

The effect of luting cement thicknesses on the push-out bond strength of the fiber posts.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of luting cement thicknesses on the push-out bond strength of the fiber posts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty human maxillary canine teeth were endodontically treated. Post spaces were prepared and root specimens randomly divided into three groups: Group 1: etch-and-rinse (Variolink II/Exite DSC), Group 2: self-etch (Panavia F2.0/ED primer) and Group 3: self-adhesive (Clearfil SA Cement). Then each group was divided into four sub-groups according to the cement thickness, as follows: Sub-group 1: 0.35 mm, Sub-group 2: 0.25 mm, Sub-group 3: 0.15 mm, and Sub-group 4: 0.05 mm. Three slices of 1 mm thickness were obtained from each root specimen (n = 15). Push-out tests were performed and data was analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS: The etch-and-rinse system (Variolink II) had a significantly higher bond strength compared with the other systems (p < 0.05). The thickest cement group (0.35 mm) had a significantly lower bond strength compared with the 0.15 and 0.05 mm groups in the etch-and-rinse and self-adhesive groups (p < 0.05). In the self-etch group, the cement thicknesses did not significantly affect the bond strength (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The etch-and-rinse system offered better bonding to root dentine than the self-adhesive and self-etch systems. The increases in cement thickness significantly reduced the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentine for both the etch-and-rinse and self-adhesive systems.

Influence of operator experience on in vitro bond strength of dentin adhesives.

PURPOSE: To examine the influence of operator experience level on shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE], Kuraray) and an etch-and-rinse adhesive (Single Bond [SB], 3M ESPE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat dentin surfaces were created on 120 extracted human third molars. Bonding agents and composite resin were applied and light cured according to manufacturers' directions (n = 15). Four operators with different levels of experience in operative dentistry performed the same specimen preparation steps independently: group 1: specialist in operative dentistry; group 2: post-graduate student; group 3: undergraduate dental student; group 4: private general practitioner. Specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C before SBS testing. Statistical analyses were carried out with Mann-Whitney U- and Kruskall-Wallis tests. RESULTS: For CSE, mean SBS and standard deviations were: (1) 54.4 ± 15.6(a), (2) 55.3 ± 7.6(a), (3) 49.4 ± 10.5(ab), (4) 41.6 ± 13.1(b). For SB, they were: (1) 28.6 ± 10.3(c), (2) 32.7 ± 11.2(c), (3) 17.5 ± 5.6(d), (4) 24.4 ± 9.5(cd). Groups with the same superscript letters are not significantly different. CSE showed higher bond strengths than SB in all groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean bond strengths between groups 1 and 2 for each adhesive (p > 0.05). Depending on the adhesives, groups 3 and 4 were significantly different from groups 1 and 2, but not different from each other. CONCLUSION: Operator experience influences dentin bond strength values of dentin adhesives. An increased level of experience with a specific adhesive system and the associated application procedures correlates with higher SBSs.

Silorane-based composite: depth of cure, surface hardness, degree of conversion, and cervical microleakage in Class II cavities.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the depth of cure, degree of conversion (DC), hardness, and cervical sealing ability of silorane-based composite (Filtek Silorane [FS; 3M, Seefeld, Germany]) and to compare with methacrylate-based composites (MBCs = Filtek Supreme XT [FSXT] and Filtek P60 [FP60]). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The DC and hardness of every material were evaluated after 1, 7, and 30 days. The depth of cure was determined using the ISO 4049:2000 standard. Microleakage was evaluated by measuring dye penetration across the gingival wall in cross-sectioned specimens. RESULTS: FS showed lower depth of cure than FSXT and FP60. The DC of FS was significantly lower when compared to FP60 and FSXT. FS exhibited lower hardness than both FSXT and FP60 after 1 day of storage. The hardness of FS remained unchanged during the storage period. FS showed reduced microleakage scores compared to FSXT and showed similar microleakage scores compared to FP60. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the DC and cure depth of FS are lower than those of MBCs. However, FS revealed stable hardness in water that is comparable to MBCs. The sealing ability of FS is similar or even better than that of MBCs.

Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets to aged resin composite surfaces: effect of surface conditioning.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface conditioning protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets to aged composite resin surfaces in vitro. Ninety composite resin discs, 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, were prepared and treated with an ageing procedure. After ageing, the specimens were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (1) control with no surface treatment, (2) 38 per cent phosphoric acid gel, (3) 9.6 per cent hydrofluoric acid gel, (4) airborne aluminium trioxide particle abrasion, (5) sodium bicarbonate particle abrasion, and (6) diamond bur. The metal brackets were bonded to composite surfaces by means of an orthodontic adhesive (Transbond XT). All specimens were stored in water for 1 week at 37°C and then thermocycled (1000 cycles, 5-55°C) prior to SBS testing. SBS values and residual adhesive on the composite surface were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P = 0.000) between the groups. Group 6 had the highest mean SBS (10.61 MPa), followed by group 4 (10.29 MPa). The results of this study suggest that a clinically acceptable bond strength can be achieved by surface conditioning of aged resin composite via the application of hydrofluoric acid, aluminium trioxide particle abrasion, sodium bicarbonate particle abrasion, or a diamond bur.

Conversion degree, microhardness, microleakage and fluoride release of different fissure sealants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of conversion (DC), microhardness, microleakage and fluoride release of a nano-filled resin based fissure sealant (Grandio Seal, GS) and compare it with an un-filled resin based fissure sealant (Clinpro, CL) and a glass-ionomer based fissure sealant (Fuji Triage, FT). Disk shaped specimens were prepared from tested fissure sealants to determine the DC, Vicker hardness (VHN) and fluoride release (FR). The DC and VHN of each material was evaluated after 24 h. The cumulative fluoride concentrations were evaluated at 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1, 7, 15 and 30 days. For microleakage evaluation, fissure sealants were applied to the etched and dried enamel surfaces of sound third molar teeth according to the manufacturer's instructions (n=10). After the thermocycling and mechanical loading procedures, microleakage assessments were carried out. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey test, the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test (p<0.05). Results revealed differences regarding DC between all groups: FT (89%) > GS (55.02%) > CL (%51.10) (p<0.05). The VHN values were significantly different among all groups in the following order: GS > FT > CL (p<0.05). FT exhibited significantly higher microleakage scores compared to the CL and GS sealants (p<0.05). The FR of FT was significantly greater than CL and GS (p<0.05). Nano-filled resin based sealant can be used as an alternative to other fissure sealant materials because of its superior hardness results and feasible sealing ability.

Effects of high-intensity curing lights on microleakage under orthodontic bands.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to compare the effects of 3 light-curing units (LCUs) (quartz-tungsten-halogen [QTH], light-emitting diode [LED], and plasma-arc curing [PAC]) on the microleakage patterns of a polyacid-modified composite (PAMC) for band cementation between the cement-enamel and the cement-band interfaces from the buccal, lingual, occlusal, and gingival margins. METHODS: Sixty freshly extracted third molars were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 teeth each. Microetched molar bands were cemented in all groups with the PAMC (Ultra Band-Lok, Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, Ill) and cured for 30 seconds with the QTH (Hilux 350, Express Dental Products, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), for 20 seconds with the LED (Elipar Freelight 2, 3M Espe, Seefeld, Germany), or for 6 seconds with the PAC (Power-Pac, American Medical Technologies, Hannover, Germany). A dye penetration method was used for microleakage evaluation. Microleakage was determined with a stereomicroscope for the cement-band and cement-enamel interfaces from the buccal and lingual sides at the occlusal and gingival margins. Statistical analyses were performed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. The level of significance was set at P <0.05. RESULTS: The gingival sides in the LED and PAC groups had higher microleakage scores compared with those observed on the occlusal sides at both the cement-band and cement-enamel interfaces. The buccal sides had similar microleakage values compared with those on the lingual sides for the cement-enamel and cement-band interfaces in all LCU types. Statistical comparisons showed that there were statistically significant differences among the investigated LCUs at the cement-enamel interface (P <0.05). Post hoc comparisons showed statistically significant microleakage differences between the PAC (median, 0.950 mm), the QTH (median, 0.383 mm) (P <0.01), and the PAC and the LED (median, 0.558 mm) (P <0.05) LCUs at the cement-enamel interfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The high-intensity curing device PAC is associated with more microleakage than the LED and QTH at the cement-enamel interface.

The effects of three different desensitizing agents on the shear bond strength of composite resin bonding agents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three desensitizing agents on the shear bond strengths of four different bonding agents used to bond composite resin to dentin. A total of 160 extracted human molars were sectioned parallel to the occlusal plane under water cooling, polished and randomly divided into 4 groups of 40. Each group was treated with a different desensitizing agent (Tooth Mousse, Ultra-EZ, Cervitec Plus), except for an untreated control group. Each group was then randomly subdivided into 4 groups of 10, and a different dentin bonding agent (XP Bond, AdheSE, Adper Prompt L-pop, GBond) was applied to each group in order to bond the specimens to a resin composite (Gradia Direct) built up using a plastic apparatus. A Universal Testing Machine was used to measure the shear bond strength of each specimen. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. With the exception of the Control/AdheSE and Ultra-EZ/XP Bond groups, no statistically significant differences were found in the shear bond strength values of the groups tested. These findings suggest that the use of different desensitizing agents does not affect the shear bond strength of various adhesive systems used to bond resin composite to dentin.

Microleakage of orthodontic band cement at the cement-enamel and cement-band interfaces.

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to determine and compare microleakage patterns of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin modified GIC (RMGIC), and polyacid-modified composite for band cementation. METHODS: Sixty freshly extracted third molars were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 teeth each. Microetched molar bands in the 3 groups were cemented to enamel with one of three orthodontic cements: Ketac-Cem (3M ESPE, Gmbh, Seefeld, Germany), Multi-Cure (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif), and Transbond Plus (3M Unitek). A dye penetration method was used for microleakage evaluation. Microleakage was determined by a stereomicroscope for the cement-band and cement-enamel interfaces from both the buccal and lingual margins. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: The buccal sides had similar microleakage values compared with the lingual sides for the cement-enamel and cement-band interfaces with all cements. Statistical comparisons showed statistically significant differences among the band cements between both interfaces (P <0.001). When the cement systems were compared, conventional GIC showed the highest leakage scores between cement-band (median, 3.50 mm) and cement-enamel (median, 2.88 mm) interfaces. Teeth banded with RMGIC and modified composite showed similar microleakage scores, and both had less leakage (<1 mm) than conventional GIC. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional GIC is associated with more microleakage than RMGIC and modified composite at both the cement-band and cement-enamel interfaces.

Effect of artificial aging regimens on the performance of self-etching adhesives.

This in vitro study was performed to compare the microtensile bond strengths (MTBS) of current self-etching adhesives to dentin and to evaluate the effects of artificial aging [(thermocycling (TC) and/or mechanic loading (ML)] on MTBS and on nanoleakage of self-etching adhesives. Two-step (AdheSE Bond, Clearfil Protect Bond, Clearfil SE Bond, Optibond Self-Etch) and one-step (Hybrid Bond, G-bond, Clearfil Tri-S Bond, and Adper Prompt L-Pop) self-etching adhesives were tested. Resin composite build-ups were created, and the specimens were subjected to 10(4) TC, 10(5) ML, and 10(4)/10(5) TC/ML. Non-aged specimens served as controls. In the control group, no significant differences were found among the MTBS of the one-step self-etching adhesives and among those of three two-step self-etching adhesives (AdheSE Bond, Clearfil Protect Bond, and Clearfil SE Bond) (p > 0.05). The MTBS of AdheSE Bond and Clearfil Protect Bond were higher than were those of all one-step self-etching adhesives and than those of Optibond Self-Etch. The MTBS of Clearfil SE Bond was higher than were those of two one-step self-etching adhesives (Adper Prompt L-Pop, G-bond) (p < 0.05). Compared with the non-aged controls, TC did not decrease (p > 0.05), but ML and TC/ML significantly decreased the MTBS of the adhesives tested (p < 0.05). Two-step self-etching adhesives tended to fail more cohesively in dentin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed different nanoleakage patterns in the adhesive and hybrid layers of all adhesives examined, and signs of additional silver-filled water channels were more readily detectable after TC/ML.

Microleakage under orthodontic brackets bonded with the custom base indirect bonding technique.

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare microleakage of orthodontic brackets between enamel-composite and composite-bracket interfaces at the occlusal and gingival margins, bonded using indirect bonding systems with that of a conventional direct bonding method. Forty freshly extracted human maxillary premolar teeth were randomly divided into two groups. In group 1, the brackets were bonded to teeth directly according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Group 2 consisted of 20 teeth bonded indirectly with Transbond XT (3M-Unitek), as the adhesive, and Sondhi Rapid Set A/B Primer (3M-Unitek), a filled resin primer. After bonding, the specimens were further sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5 per cent basic fuchsine for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for microleakage at the enamel-composite and composite-bracket interfaces from both the occlusal and gingival margins. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with Bonferroni correction. The gingival sides of group 1 displayed a higher median microleakage score than the occlusal side at the enamel-composite interface but this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). All occlusal margins in both groups showed no microleakage under orthodontic brackets at the enamel-composite or composite-bracket interfaces. Comparisons of the microleakage scores between the direct and the indirect bonding groups at the enamel-composite and composite-bracket interfaces indicated no statistically significant microleakage differences at the gingival and occlusal margins (P > 0.05). The type of bonding method (direct versus indirect) did not significantly affect the amount of microleakage at the enamel-composite-bracket complex.

Microleakage under lingual retainer composite bonded with an antibacterial monomer-containing adhesive system.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the microleakage of a conventional acid-etched, light-cured lingual retainer adhesive system with a recently developed antibacterial monomer-containing adhesive with and without etching. METHODS: Sixty human mandibular incisors were separated into three groups of 20 teeth each, which received the following treatments: group 1 (control) = Transbond LR (3M Unitek), conventional lingual retainer bonding; group 2 = Clearfil Protect Bond (Kuraray Medical) with acid-etching; and group 3 = Clearfil Protect Bond without acid-etching. The wire in each was 0.0215-inch multistranded PentaOne (Masel Orthodontics). Samples were sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin, and sectioned. Transverse sections were evaluated under a stereomicroscope and scored for microleakage in millimeters at the composite-enamel interface. Statistical analysis was performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Group 2 had less microleakage (0.11 ± 0.19 mm) than group 1 (0.26 ± 0.30 mm) or group 3 (0.24 ± 0.27 mm). However, the difference in the microleakage of the composite-enamel interface among all investigated groups was not significant (P>.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study do not speak against using an antibacterial monomer-containing self-etching adhesive to bond lingual retainers.

Microleakage between composite-wire and composite-enamel interfaces of flexible spiral wire retainers. Part 2: comparison of amorphous calcium phosphate-containing adhesive with conventional lingual retainer composite.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the microleakage values of a newly developed amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)-containing adhesive and a conventional lingual retainer composite at the composite-enamel and composite-wire interfaces of flexible spiral wire retainers (FSWRs). Sixty freshly extracted human mandibular incisors separated into three equal groups were used in this study. Multi-stranded 0.0215 inch diameter wire was bonded to enamel using conventional orthodontic adhesive (Transbond LR, 3M Unitek) and ACP-containing composite (Aegis Ortho, Harry J. Bosworth Co.), with or without the use of a primer. The specimens were sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5 per cent basic fuchsine for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for microleakage at the composite-enamel and composite-wire interfaces from the mesial and distal margins. Statistical analyses were performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with a Bonferroni correction. Little or no microleakage was observed between the composite-enamel interface for any of the three groups, and any difference was not statistically significant. The amount of microleakage at the wire-composite interface was higher than that at the enamel-composite interface. Multiple comparison testing showed statistically significant differences in microleakage between Transbond LR and the ACP-containing adhesive used with primer at the composite-enamel and composite-wire interfaces (P < 0.001). ACP-containing adhesive used with primer showed the highest microleakage scores at the composite-enamel (mean: 0.39 +/- 0.42 mm) and composite-wire (mean: 1.66 +/- 0.47 mm) interfaces. The hypothesis is rejected. The ACP-containing composite used with or without primer showed significantly higher leakage at the composite-wire interface, while conventional lingual retainer composite showed lower microleakage scores.

Microleakage between composite-wire and composite-enamel interfaces of flexible spiral wire retainers. Part 1: comparison of three composites.

The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that there is no difference in microleakage between composite-enamel and composite-wire interfaces, when different composites are used. Forty-five freshly extracted human mandibular incisors separated into three groups were used in the study. Multi-stranded 0.0215 inch diameter wire was bonded to enamel using two conventional (Transbond XT and Transbond LR) and a flowable (Venus Flow) orthodontic composite. The specimens were sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5 per cent basic fuchsine for 24 hours, sectioned and examined under a stereomicroscope, and scored for microleakage at the composite-enamel and composite-wire interfaces from the mesial and distal margins. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests with a Bonferroni correction. Little or no microleakage was observed between the composite-enamel interfaces for the three investigated composites, and any difference was not statistically significant. However, statistically significant differences were found between microleakage at the composite-wire interface for both the conventional and flowable composite groups (P < 0.001). Flowable composite showed the highest leakage (mean: 4.8 +/- 0.8 mm), while Transbond XT (mean: 0.5 +/- 0.3 mm) and Transbond LR (mean: 1.1 +/- 1.2 mm) showed significantly lower and comparable results. The amount of microleakage at the wire-composite interface was significantly greater than that at the enamel-composite interface of flexible spiral wire retainers (FSWRs). The null hypothesis is therefore rejected. Flowable composites may not be appropriate for bonding FSWRs.